tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57554183368128898822024-03-14T04:44:03.692-07:00Sains Chemistrysalam kimia!!!!!
welcome to sains chemistry with me^^
chemistry is friendly,, chemistry is wonderfulhanni and chemistryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08552182804364962772noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5755418336812889882.post-27074871864131292512011-06-12T20:04:00.000-07:002011-06-12T20:04:34.549-07:00Sainschemistry.blogspot.com<span style="font-size: x-large;">Blog ini memuat tentang meteri, RPP, dan silabus, khususnya untuk materi asam dan basa. Pada bagian beranda terdiri dari beberapa space yang berisi hal-hal penting mengenai kimia.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">1.SK, KD, dan Indikator </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">2. Peta Konsep Larurtan Asam dan Basa</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">3. Pengantar dan Aplikasi Asam Basa</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"> 4. Macromedia Flash Asam Basa</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">5. Identifikasi Asam Basa, Penentuan pH Larutan</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">6. Animasi dan Video Asam Basa</span>hanni and chemistryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08552182804364962772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5755418336812889882.post-33301211377484638402011-06-07T04:12:00.000-07:002011-06-11T05:27:41.587-07:00SK, KD, dan Indikator<div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">LARUTAN ASAM DAN BASA</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Standar Kompetensi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></span><br />
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Memahami sifat-sifat larutan asam basa, metode pengukuran, </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">dan terapannya</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Kompetensi Dasar :</b></span></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendeskribsikan teori-teori asam basa dengan menentukan sifat larutan dan menghitung pH</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Indikator : </b></span></span><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>A a) <span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kognitif</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Produk:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Men</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">deskripsikan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pengertian asam dan basa menurut Arrhenius</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bronsted-Lowry</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan Lewis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Me</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ngkaji </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">persamaan reaksi asam dan basa menurut Bronsted-Lowry dan menunjukkan pasangan asam dan basa konjugasinya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifikasi sifat larutan asam dan basa dengan menggunakan indikator.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div> 2. Proses</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Version>14.00</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melaksanakan eksperimen untuk menyelidiki </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sifat larutan asam dan basa</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> menggunakan alat dan bahan sesungguhnya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> serta bahan-bahan yang terdapat dialam, yang meliputi;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">merumuskan</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> hipotesis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mengidentifikasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">variabel manipulasi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mengidentifikasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">variabel respon</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>4)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mengidentifikasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>variabel control</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>5)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">elaksanakan eksperimen</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>6)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mengisi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tabel pengamatan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>7)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">melakukan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">analisis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> data</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>8)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">merumuskan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kesimpulan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><b>b) Psikomotorik</b><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Version>14.00</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
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</style> <![endif]--> <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan pH larutan menggunakan indikator universal</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dan pH meter </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(menggunakan alat dan bahan sessungguhnya)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>c) Afektif </b></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Version>14.00</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakter</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><br />
</span><span> </span>a. jujur,</span> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> b. tanggung jawab,</span> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> c. hati-hati,</span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> d. teliti.</span> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterampilan sosial:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> a. b</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ertanya, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> b. menyumbang ide atau berpendapat,</span> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> c. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menjadi pendengar yang baik, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> d. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berkomunikasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
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</div><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span></span></div>hanni and chemistryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08552182804364962772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5755418336812889882.post-91702342223791663052011-06-01T11:05:00.001-07:002011-06-01T11:05:50.090-07:00PETA KONSEP LARUTAN ASAM BASA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8q8vLYrExJwYtfJBFEdXG37AKOhjAC2N69f8SmA2hFzJQlro824ViUnjoc5d1KbAUbz2l6T8lZEgogJwkIMojBzIRBMFAMB6ox8HLUKFG2FttyX9TCX18qCadmmhJRjSzSZ2VwI4ergoi/s1600/45600_153373098008743_100000081600037_469696_4561021_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8q8vLYrExJwYtfJBFEdXG37AKOhjAC2N69f8SmA2hFzJQlro824ViUnjoc5d1KbAUbz2l6T8lZEgogJwkIMojBzIRBMFAMB6ox8HLUKFG2FttyX9TCX18qCadmmhJRjSzSZ2VwI4ergoi/s320/45600_153373098008743_100000081600037_469696_4561021_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>hanni and chemistryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08552182804364962772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5755418336812889882.post-33230334931741755222011-05-31T07:58:00.001-07:002011-06-12T19:22:20.127-07:00Pengantar dan Aplikasi Asam Basa<div style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Version>14.00</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div align="center" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18pt;">PENGANTAR </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Asam dan basa adalah dua golongan zat kimia yang sangat penting. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita mengenal berbagai zat yang kita golongkan sebagai asam, misalnya asam cuka, asam sitrun, asam jawa, asam belimbing, jeruk, dan sebagainya. Demikian juga, kita mengenal berbagai zat yang kita golongkan sebagai basa, misalnya kapur sirih, kaustik soda, air sabun, dan air abu. Salah satu sifat basa adalah dapat melarutkan lemak; itulah sebabnya abu (abu gosok) digunakan untuk mencuci piring.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Dalam blog ini akan dipaparkan tentang pengertian asam dan basa serta sifat-sifatnya, cara menunjukkan asam dan basa, serta gambar dan video praktikum yang berhubungan dengan asam dan basa. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>Aplikasi Asam dan Basa</b></span></div><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Asam-basa merupakan salah satu sifat zat baik yang berbentuk larutan maupun non pelarut. Asam dan basa penting dalam proses kimia yang terjadi disekitar kita, mulai dari proses industry sampai proses biologi dalam tubuh makhluk hidup, mulai reaksi yang terjadi di laboratorium hingga reaksi yang terjadi di lingkungan sekitar.</span></div><div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dalam industri besar ataupun home industry, banyak proses-proses produksinya atau kualitas produksinya sangat bergantung pada tingkat keasaman atau kebasaan mediumnya. Misalnya pada pembuatan tahu, kualitas pembentukan tahu (proses pengendapan) ditentukan keasaman larutan medianya.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Di dalam tubuh kita terdapat sistem yang sangat rumit yang secara ketat dikendalikan oleh keasaman darah. Ada deviasi sedikit saja tingkat keasaman darah dapat mengakibatkan fatal bahkan kematian, sebab darah menjadi malfungsi akibat tidak dapat mengikat oksigen hasil pernafasan.<br />
Dengan demikian, kimia asam basa penting dipelajari disebabkan aplikasinya yang sangat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.</span></div>hanni and chemistryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08552182804364962772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5755418336812889882.post-8689269259947240682011-05-31T02:11:00.000-07:002011-06-07T04:07:27.525-07:00Teori asam dan basa<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Halaman ini menggambarkan teori asam dan basa Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, dan Lewis, dan halaman ini juga menjelaskan hubungan antara ketiga teori asam dan basa tersebut. Halaman ini juga menjelaskan konsep pasangan konjugasi – asam dan basa konjugasinya, atau basa dan asam konjugasinya. <span style="color: red;">Sumber : http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia_fisika1/kesetimbangan_asam_basa/teori_asam_dan_basa/</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBXAFu4rhBm-Urm9uINQXN01NAJoImmGE0zBanGmyTKmiu2WSH1tywMR1lNM6Sq1Z_ai2hbRrhcg18Wr4ABFJ40ziy9nRXXKV1QX6gEMtnOBu4ykp8ykkYPJ6Z0gXtscKHB1SQjHIMlw6A/s1600/asam+basa+arhenius.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Teori asam dan basa Arrhenius</span></b></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://jenggaluchemistry.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/arrhenius1.jpeg?w=142&h=178" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://jenggaluchemistry.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/arrhenius1.jpeg?w=142&h=178" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teori</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Asam adalah zat yang menghasilkan ion hidrogen dalam larutan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Basa adalah zat yang menghasilkan ion hidroksida dalam larutan.</span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penetralan terjadi karena ion hidrogen dan ion hidroksida bereaksi untuk menghasilkan air.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp-RjokRPNL0ySyGO7HPrrhkzavXBZS3BtNBkAFRV0ny5fTEOX9c9fFgm9oC4HwJTwnSlAGiFdH7MmN2Gam4EY0jeDTkf03mLmdnNDFdFBcvShwuWhhRTAxcjiNjqDpeMxYAVqP7m1n4CD/s1600/neutralise1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp-RjokRPNL0ySyGO7HPrrhkzavXBZS3BtNBkAFRV0ny5fTEOX9c9fFgm9oC4HwJTwnSlAGiFdH7MmN2Gam4EY0jeDTkf03mLmdnNDFdFBcvShwuWhhRTAxcjiNjqDpeMxYAVqP7m1n4CD/s1600/neutralise1.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pembatasan teori</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Asam hidroklorida (asam klorida) dinetralkan oleh kedua larutan natrium hidroksida dan larutan amonia. Pada kedua kasus tersebut, kamu akan memperoleh larutan tak berwarna yang dapat kamu kristalisasi untuk mendapatkan garam berwarna putih – baik itu natrium klorida maupun amonium klorida.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keduanya jelas merupakan reaksi yang sangat mirip. Persamaan lengkapnya adalah:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyeQ4OSHYvCZzowNndoLSmYbZdqp2RhHIkXba2r2EvT4HAKb0nzHScXyoFGdMtVBZgjVJ9hS_lkgmTtn3quK04v4WhF6IbivBujOg-G9fb5YG6hEKGjoABxaSMxJxFJZXwxhLq6Pqxqor3/s1600/naohhcl.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyeQ4OSHYvCZzowNndoLSmYbZdqp2RhHIkXba2r2EvT4HAKb0nzHScXyoFGdMtVBZgjVJ9hS_lkgmTtn3quK04v4WhF6IbivBujOg-G9fb5YG6hEKGjoABxaSMxJxFJZXwxhLq6Pqxqor3/s1600/naohhcl.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9VPlOTmrOsYW6YQLJF0Zaw4Oox-adDlpZ22Bw_IP8q0SIc_3S_a_BfAxib5JeAA4PWDB8Aij47uG_7PeGa58izxqmHT3KPh6ju_BJpLADmxdvgfncThHRYwkODDRIIsMFTW0ByjxUznbF/s1600/nh3hclaq.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9VPlOTmrOsYW6YQLJF0Zaw4Oox-adDlpZ22Bw_IP8q0SIc_3S_a_BfAxib5JeAA4PWDB8Aij47uG_7PeGa58izxqmHT3KPh6ju_BJpLADmxdvgfncThHRYwkODDRIIsMFTW0ByjxUznbF/s1600/nh3hclaq.gif" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada kasus natrium hidroksida, ion hidrogen dari asam bereaksi dengan ion hidroksida dari natrium hidroksida – sejalan dengan teori Arrhenius.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Akan tetapi, pada kasus amonia, tidak muncul ion hidroksida sedikit pun!</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">anda bisa memahami hal ini dengan mengatakan bahwa amonia bereaksi dengan air yang melarutkan amonia tersebut untuk menghasilkan ion amonium dan ion hidroksida:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimiwPDXDUHwQ8cJX9aUFy75YDI3MIoMWaPXxxcIMB5UT8oHLjbPNFWBPzb9iReaFualLztpo5lqOKGWiJEmHFviKz1SuIzxTmAJa1UZvnYhGZLSIOJXv25fVBojkkslbdTecBBH7JtYoa9/s1600/nh3h2oeqn.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimiwPDXDUHwQ8cJX9aUFy75YDI3MIoMWaPXxxcIMB5UT8oHLjbPNFWBPzb9iReaFualLztpo5lqOKGWiJEmHFviKz1SuIzxTmAJa1UZvnYhGZLSIOJXv25fVBojkkslbdTecBBH7JtYoa9/s1600/nh3h2oeqn.gif" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimiwPDXDUHwQ8cJX9aUFy75YDI3MIoMWaPXxxcIMB5UT8oHLjbPNFWBPzb9iReaFualLztpo5lqOKGWiJEmHFviKz1SuIzxTmAJa1UZvnYhGZLSIOJXv25fVBojkkslbdTecBBH7JtYoa9/s1600/nh3h2oeqn.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimiwPDXDUHwQ8cJX9aUFy75YDI3MIoMWaPXxxcIMB5UT8oHLjbPNFWBPzb9iReaFualLztpo5lqOKGWiJEmHFviKz1SuIzxTmAJa1UZvnYhGZLSIOJXv25fVBojkkslbdTecBBH7JtYoa9/s1600/nh3h2oeqn.gif" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimiwPDXDUHwQ8cJX9aUFy75YDI3MIoMWaPXxxcIMB5UT8oHLjbPNFWBPzb9iReaFualLztpo5lqOKGWiJEmHFviKz1SuIzxTmAJa1UZvnYhGZLSIOJXv25fVBojkkslbdTecBBH7JtYoa9/s1600/nh3h2oeqn.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimiwPDXDUHwQ8cJX9aUFy75YDI3MIoMWaPXxxcIMB5UT8oHLjbPNFWBPzb9iReaFualLztpo5lqOKGWiJEmHFviKz1SuIzxTmAJa1UZvnYhGZLSIOJXv25fVBojkkslbdTecBBH7JtYoa9/s1600/nh3h2oeqn.gif" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxBW8FtxGiGKHGWTX3oPZEmNSq6Cti0vS4CdzEEcU7yH27p340aGebmu439KScVcd02OA47morZtNBsC2hevDZZifZfvs28VkGiNqCAC0_eP6jjh7znqg6eHX8fs2bqk9FBckHMUym7CAK/s1600/DF.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxBW8FtxGiGKHGWTX3oPZEmNSq6Cti0vS4CdzEEcU7yH27p340aGebmu439KScVcd02OA47morZtNBsC2hevDZZifZfvs28VkGiNqCAC0_eP6jjh7znqg6eHX8fs2bqk9FBckHMUym7CAK/s1600/DF.gif" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Reaksi ini merupakan reaksi reversibel, dan pada larutan amonia encer yang khas, sekitar 99% sisa amonia ada dalam bentuk molekul amonia. Meskipun demikian, pada reaksi tersebut terdapat ion hidroksida, dan kita dapat menyelipkan ion hidroksida ini ke dalam teori Arrhenius.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Akan tetapi, reaksi yang sama juga terjadi antara gas amonia dan gas hidrogen klorida.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9VPlOTmrOsYW6YQLJF0Zaw4Oox-adDlpZ22Bw_IP8q0SIc_3S_a_BfAxib5JeAA4PWDB8Aij47uG_7PeGa58izxqmHT3KPh6ju_BJpLADmxdvgfncThHRYwkODDRIIsMFTW0ByjxUznbF/s1600/nh3hclaq.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9VPlOTmrOsYW6YQLJF0Zaw4Oox-adDlpZ22Bw_IP8q0SIc_3S_a_BfAxib5JeAA4PWDB8Aij47uG_7PeGa58izxqmHT3KPh6ju_BJpLADmxdvgfncThHRYwkODDRIIsMFTW0ByjxUznbF/s1600/nh3hclaq.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada kasus ini, tidak terdapat ion hidrogen atau ion hidroksida dalam larutan – karena bukan merupakan suatu larutan. Teori Arrhenius tidak menghitung reaksi ini sebagai reaksi asam-basa, meskipun pada faktanya reaksi tersebut menghasilkan produk yang sama seperti ketika dua zat tersebut berada dalam larutan. Ini adalah sesuatu hal yang lucu!</span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Teori asam dan basa Bronsted-Lowry</span></b></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://jenggaluchemistry.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/bronsted-lowry.jpg?w=200&h=121" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://jenggaluchemistry.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/bronsted-lowry.jpg?w=200&h=121" /></a></div><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teori</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Asam adalah donor proton (ion hidrogen).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Basa adalah akseptor proton (ion hidrogen).</span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hubungan antara teori Bronsted-Lowry dan teori Arrhenius</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Teori Bronsted-Lowry tidak berlawanan dengan teori Arrhenius – Teori Bronsted-Lowry merupakan perluasan teori Arrhenius.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ion hidroksida tetap berlaku sebagai basa karena ion hidroksida menerima ion hidrogen dari asam dan membentuk air.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Asam menghasilkan ion hidrogen dalam larutan karena asam bereaksi dengan molekul air melalui pemberian sebuah proton pada molekul air.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketika gas hidrogen klorida dilarutkan dalam air untuk menghasilkan asam hidroklorida, molekul hidrogen klorida memberikan sebuah proton (sebuah ion hidrogen) ke molekul air. Ikatan koordinasi (kovalen dativ) terbentuk antara satu pasangan mandiri pada oksigen dan hidrogen dari HCl. Menghasilkan ion hidroksonium, H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY6TCCPvaobibwk4S9Mgjg1kDF4bd6jYLDPPcCBwLacCpIcbFbPuclnqbcCESd-9dqK_utnbSaXTSnIOcLko_yE2wP3sTRklALPXF2zj0ybAZ0xRbcYZIgkHzbYT8w7Lentv3hLQmOuYYZ/s1600/h2ohcldiag.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="95" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY6TCCPvaobibwk4S9Mgjg1kDF4bd6jYLDPPcCBwLacCpIcbFbPuclnqbcCESd-9dqK_utnbSaXTSnIOcLko_yE2wP3sTRklALPXF2zj0ybAZ0xRbcYZIgkHzbYT8w7Lentv3hLQmOuYYZ/s320/h2ohcldiag.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketika asam yang terdapat dalam larutan bereaksi dengan basa, yang berfungsi sebagai asam sebenarnya adalah ion hidroksonium. Sebagai contoh, proton ditransferkan dari ion hidroksonium ke ion hidroksida untuk mendapatkan air.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkeFShv2K820fNt8PHO5o2ivWK14myiJ_lztGMnDS0a85zGyvKatYLjvzQ8ZHFp5tjYpx4ylf7UNMhubyB7C8BD47xE92l6511NX0bo8N53Cj2uvie3YB-jc81tMfIfL_jlnldZ1CId6Kl/s1600/neutralise2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkeFShv2K820fNt8PHO5o2ivWK14myiJ_lztGMnDS0a85zGyvKatYLjvzQ8ZHFp5tjYpx4ylf7UNMhubyB7C8BD47xE92l6511NX0bo8N53Cj2uvie3YB-jc81tMfIfL_jlnldZ1CId6Kl/s1600/neutralise2.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Tampilan elektron terluar, tetapi mengabaikan elektron pada bagian yang lebih dalam:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggrMfSZxQsm7bYeeyFoRsVurQqvj_en5bEIF2R6hzY60cYwHpMYTJdri9ZqZGSFC4oqpC9axkzYWcsXMu4vvMB7TBsdjozNH8jHaEecmhQna4Lmgg3itlVF1a0kRvQsaP1l18rg68r1bT6/s1600/h3oohdiag.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggrMfSZxQsm7bYeeyFoRsVurQqvj_en5bEIF2R6hzY60cYwHpMYTJdri9ZqZGSFC4oqpC9axkzYWcsXMu4vvMB7TBsdjozNH8jHaEecmhQna4Lmgg3itlVF1a0kRvQsaP1l18rg68r1bT6/s320/h3oohdiag.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Adalah sesuatu hal yang penting untuk mengatakan bahwa meskipun anda berbicara tentang ion hidrogen dalam suatu larutan, H<sup>+</sup><sub>(aq)</sub>, sebenarnya anda sedang membicarakan ion hidroksonium.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permasalahan hidrogen klorida / amonia</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hal ini bukanlah suatu masalah yang berlarut-larut dengan menggunakan teori Bronsted-Lowry. Apakah anda sedang membicarakan mengenai reaksi pada keadaan larutan ataupun pada keadaan gas, amonia adalah basa karena amonia menerima sebuah proton (sebuah ion hidrogen). Hidrogen menjadi tertarik ke pasangan mandiri pada nitrogen yang terdapat pada amonia melalui sebuah ikatan koordinasi.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpHJkDOoZ4HhoTaoeffDcXIR5zuefSAq73LuWIYt3cA0YWR2DcILqAyNOGN4YiSkACo2A4WqsfgiorgQIj8q0BhiByp18SdP_myj-WVzl-j8stqsXTx4LejY83KI5yK1Z-lq2V5i5eNQbX/s1600/ammonium.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpHJkDOoZ4HhoTaoeffDcXIR5zuefSAq73LuWIYt3cA0YWR2DcILqAyNOGN4YiSkACo2A4WqsfgiorgQIj8q0BhiByp18SdP_myj-WVzl-j8stqsXTx4LejY83KI5yK1Z-lq2V5i5eNQbX/s1600/ammonium.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika amonia berada dalam larutan, amonia menerima sebuah proton dari ion hidroksonium:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN_1-HeKrMBlwaf7trr7BxBG7570Z7DpCejfcJ_gQL7v4n2YKruQzjAEHPZiX6nCEPky5UHjA9vvbqYWeS0D6gU0enSak8R4iusTkYj1_T7gLwAnrpbBCxgV2UkxWE2PgWcjp1VEiuKrR-/s1600/nh3hclaq.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdfv1oWRojSFFgYZmZBrj9lV71wqzXVOPFUgg8vbkhi6sXlTf-LBl5lx1o5t5yiDge_kfmnOe734eifI8coWw9VwLpx_nUe8Y6mSx9lvFGXfadsdg72eHtaRW-WMp68bf_g64x2evr3XAV/s1600/nh3h3oeqn.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdfv1oWRojSFFgYZmZBrj9lV71wqzXVOPFUgg8vbkhi6sXlTf-LBl5lx1o5t5yiDge_kfmnOe734eifI8coWw9VwLpx_nUe8Y6mSx9lvFGXfadsdg72eHtaRW-WMp68bf_g64x2evr3XAV/s1600/nh3h3oeqn.gif" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika reaksi terjadi pada keadaan gas, amonia menerima sebuah proton secara langsung dari hidrogen klorida:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN_1-HeKrMBlwaf7trr7BxBG7570Z7DpCejfcJ_gQL7v4n2YKruQzjAEHPZiX6nCEPky5UHjA9vvbqYWeS0D6gU0enSak8R4iusTkYj1_T7gLwAnrpbBCxgV2UkxWE2PgWcjp1VEiuKrR-/s1600/nh3hclaq.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN_1-HeKrMBlwaf7trr7BxBG7570Z7DpCejfcJ_gQL7v4n2YKruQzjAEHPZiX6nCEPky5UHjA9vvbqYWeS0D6gU0enSak8R4iusTkYj1_T7gLwAnrpbBCxgV2UkxWE2PgWcjp1VEiuKrR-/s1600/nh3hclaq.gif" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cara yang lain, amonia berlaku sebagai basa melalui penerimaan sebuah ion hidrogen dari asam.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasangan konjugasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketika hidrogen klorida dilarutkan dalam air, hampir 100% hidrogen klorida bereaksi dengan air menghasilkan ion hidroksonium dan ion klorida. Hidrogen klorida adalah asam kuat, dan kita cenderung menuliskannya dalam reaksi satu arah:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXuBG1BVXhunmik19HnqxTjFnsfPQqK3eTaA5ozxJPmtU-jl_GcpS9Qgp0_65ArxDxeJ2BSr3GYjitlX9VX51pQfR2_zaRe3XeP9EVOXZIx7BxDEtBbsfPuuayBp4Nyv3Vedmd7C30iVhc/s1600/h2ohcleq.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXuBG1BVXhunmik19HnqxTjFnsfPQqK3eTaA5ozxJPmtU-jl_GcpS9Qgp0_65ArxDxeJ2BSr3GYjitlX9VX51pQfR2_zaRe3XeP9EVOXZIx7BxDEtBbsfPuuayBp4Nyv3Vedmd7C30iVhc/s1600/h2ohcleq.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0TMlTyhRBXONlsGNZKy3yenWkAqkiV0AoKjG7oFCcqPHynA5mwIt3a-ruafDAona0LRMItlqWi-GkqQIUPqFJTG1ehHFHHR7sg-SykRrcUp3E4bVOzOAgCyUcydXbLw-TXIevpyCdiFdx/s1600/hah2oeqm.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0TMlTyhRBXONlsGNZKy3yenWkAqkiV0AoKjG7oFCcqPHynA5mwIt3a-ruafDAona0LRMItlqWi-GkqQIUPqFJTG1ehHFHHR7sg-SykRrcUp3E4bVOzOAgCyUcydXbLw-TXIevpyCdiFdx/s1600/hah2oeqm.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0TMlTyhRBXONlsGNZKy3yenWkAqkiV0AoKjG7oFCcqPHynA5mwIt3a-ruafDAona0LRMItlqWi-GkqQIUPqFJTG1ehHFHHR7sg-SykRrcUp3E4bVOzOAgCyUcydXbLw-TXIevpyCdiFdx/s1600/hah2oeqm.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0TMlTyhRBXONlsGNZKy3yenWkAqkiV0AoKjG7oFCcqPHynA5mwIt3a-ruafDAona0LRMItlqWi-GkqQIUPqFJTG1ehHFHHR7sg-SykRrcUp3E4bVOzOAgCyUcydXbLw-TXIevpyCdiFdx/s1600/hah2oeqm.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada faktanya, reaksi antara HCl dan air adalah reversibel, tetapi hanya sampai pada tingkatan yang sangat kecil. Supaya menjadi bentuk yang lebih umum, asam dituliskan dengan HA, dan <span style="background-color: white;">reaksi berlangsung reversibel.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHLH_jJcytyqmOaHGKE8hicS9buefyz-V7qtfFM1BIVEj1rk6O9dSMtK9VWDfTaWnfe9pN7iVcRMdlS8s7wXIBlFyVmlH6VfqNIBeIVBXi10m4dElnt9-mN_vnSyYwHlO9jqv1yyXtwnO8/s1600/hah2oeqm.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHLH_jJcytyqmOaHGKE8hicS9buefyz-V7qtfFM1BIVEj1rk6O9dSMtK9VWDfTaWnfe9pN7iVcRMdlS8s7wXIBlFyVmlH6VfqNIBeIVBXi10m4dElnt9-mN_vnSyYwHlO9jqv1yyXtwnO8/s1600/hah2oeqm.gif" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span id="goog_740691051"></span><span id="goog_740691052"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perhatikan <i>reaksi ke arah depan:</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">HA adalah asam karena HA mendonasikan sebuah proton (ion hidrogen) ke air.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air adalah basa karena air menerima sebuah proton dari HA.</span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Akan tetapi ada juga <i>reaksi kebalikan</i> antara ion hidroksonium dan ion A<sup>-</sup>:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> adalah asam karena H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> mendonasikan sebuah proton (ion hidrogen) ke ion A<sup>-</sup>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ion A<sup>-</sup> adalah basa karena A<sup>-</sup> menerima sebuah proton dari H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>.</span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Reaksi reversibel <span style="background-color: white;">mengandung </span><i style="background-color: white;">dua</i><span style="background-color: white;"> asam dan </span><i style="background-color: white;">dua</i><span style="background-color: white;"> basa. Kita dapat menganggapnya berpasangan, yang disebut </span><b style="background-color: white;"><i>pasangan konjugasi</i></b><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxsAApz58fgK9CecL27MzH8xP8823RE14cDBHx4otJEkGWUDa8sOdykH9Gu7Astvl7liGeLilelCtGqYX6krEgGeEVlZfz5gHRQcvdzbKwoEOsZW9SvdPUXJEq5ZIYpCQej6SEeCX9s9gX/s1600/conjugate1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxsAApz58fgK9CecL27MzH8xP8823RE14cDBHx4otJEkGWUDa8sOdykH9Gu7Astvl7liGeLilelCtGqYX6krEgGeEVlZfz5gHRQcvdzbKwoEOsZW9SvdPUXJEq5ZIYpCQej6SEeCX9s9gX/s1600/conjugate1.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ketika asam, HA, kehilangan sebuah proton asam tersebut membentuk sebuah basa A<sup>-</sup>. Ketika sebuah basa, A<sup>-</sup>, menerima kembali sebuah proton, basa tersebut kembali berubah bentuk menjadi asam, HA. Keduanya adalah pasangan konjugasi.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Anggota pasangan konjugasi berbeda antara satu dengan yang lain melalui kehadiran atau ketidakhadiran ion hidrogen yang dapat ditransferkan.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika anda berfikir mengenai HA sebagai asam, maka A<sup>-</sup> adalah sebagai basa konjugasinya.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika anda memperlakukan A<sup>-</sup> sebagai basa, maka HA adalah sebagai asam konjugasinya.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air dan ion hidroksonium juga merupakan pasangan konjugasi. Memperlakukan air sebagai basa, ion hidroksonium adalah asam konjugasinya karena ion hidroksonium memiliki kelebihan ion hidrogen yang dapat diberikan lagi.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memperlakukan ion hidroksonium sebagai asam, maka air adalah sebagai basa konjugasinya. Air dapat menerima kembali ion hidrogen untuk membentuk kembali ion hidroksonium.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh yang kedua mengenai pasangan konjugasi</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berikut ini adalah reaksi antara amonia dan air yang telah kita lihat sebelumnya:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxsAApz58fgK9CecL27MzH8xP8823RE14cDBHx4otJEkGWUDa8sOdykH9Gu7Astvl7liGeLilelCtGqYX6krEgGeEVlZfz5gHRQcvdzbKwoEOsZW9SvdPUXJEq5ZIYpCQej6SEeCX9s9gX/s1600/conjugate1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxsAApz58fgK9CecL27MzH8xP8823RE14cDBHx4otJEkGWUDa8sOdykH9Gu7Astvl7liGeLilelCtGqYX6krEgGeEVlZfz5gHRQcvdzbKwoEOsZW9SvdPUXJEq5ZIYpCQej6SEeCX9s9gX/s1600/conjugate1.gif" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hal pertama yang harus diperhatikan adalah forward reaction terlebih dahulu. Amonia adalah basa karena amonia menerima ion hidrogen dari air. Ion amonium adalah asam konjugasinya – ion amonium dapat melepaskan kembali ion hidrogen tersebut untuk membentuk kembali amonia.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air berlaku sebagai asam, dan basa konjugasinya adalah ion hidroksida. Ion hidroksida dapat menerima ion hidrogen untuk membentuk air kembali.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perhatikanlah hal ini pada tinjauan yang lain, ion amonium adalah asam, dan amonia adalah basa konjugasinya. Ion hidroksida adalah basa dan air adalah asam konjugasinya.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat amfoter</span></b><br />
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Anda mungkin memperhatikan (atau bahkan mungkin juga tidak memperhatikan!) bahwa salah satu dari dua contoh di atas, air berperilaku sebagai basa, tetapi di lain pihak air berperilaku sebagai asam.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Suatu zat yang dapat berperilaku baik sebagai asam atau sebagai basa digambarkan sebagai <b><i>amfoter</i></b>.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/amphoteric.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="38" src="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/amphoteric.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Teori asam dan basa Lewis </b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Teori ini memperluas pemahaman anda mengenai asam dan basa.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Teori</b></div><ul style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li>Asam adalah akseptor pasangan elektron.</li>
<li>Basa adalah donor pasangan elektron.</li>
</ul><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Hubungan antara teori Lewis dan teori Bronsted-Lowry</b></h2><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><i>Basa Lewis</i></b></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hal yang paling mudah untuk melihat hubungan tersebut adalah dengan meninjau dengan tepat mengenai basa Bronsted-Lowry ketika basa Bronsted-Lowry menerima ion hidrogen. Tiga basa Bronsted-Lowry dapat kita lihat pada ion hidroksida, amonia dan air, dan ketianya bersifat khas.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/lewisbases.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/lewisbases.gif" width="270" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Teori Bronsted-Lowry mengatakan bahwa ketiganya berperilaku sebagai basa karena ketiganya bergabung dengan ion hidrogen. Alasan ketiganya bergabung dengan ion hidrigen adalah karena ketiganya memiliki pasangan elektron mandiri – seperti yang dikatakan oleh Teori Lewis. Keduanya konsisten.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jadi bagaimana Teori Lewis merupakan suatu tambahan pada konsep basa? Saat ini belum – hal ini akan terlihat ketika kita meninjaunya dalam sudut pandang yang berbeda.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tetapi bagaimana dengan reaksi yang sama mengenai amonia dan air, sebagai contohnya? Pada teori Lewis, tiap reaksi yang menggunakan amonia dan air menggunakan pasangan elektron mandiri-nya untuk membentuk ikatan koordinasi yang akan terhitung selama keduanya berperilaku sebagai basa.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Berikut ini reaksi yang akan anda temukan pada halaman yang berhubungan dengan ikatan koordinasi. Amonia bereaksi dengan BF<sub>3</sub> melalui penggunaan pasangan elektron mandiri yang dimilikinya untuk membentuk ikatan koordinasi dengan orbital kosong pada boron.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/nh3bf3diag.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/nh3bf3diag.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sepanjang menyangkut amonia, amonia menjadi sama persis seperti ketika amonia bereaksi dengan sebuah ion hidrogen – amonia menggunakan pasangan elektron mandiri-nya untuk membentuk ikatan koordinasi. Jika anda memperlakukannya sebagai basa pada suatu kasus, hal ini akan berlaku juga pada kasus yang lain.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><i>Asam Lewis</i></b></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Asam Lewis adalah akseptor pasangan elektron. Pada contoh sebelumnya, BF<sub>3</sub> berperilaku sebagai asam Lewis melalui penerimaan pasangan elektron mandiri milik nitrogen. Pada teori Bronsted-Lowry, BF<sub>3</sub> tidak sedikitpun disinggung menganai keasamannya.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Inilah tambahan mengenai istilah <i>asam</i> dari pengertian yang sudah biasa digunakan.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bagaimana dengan reaksi asam basa yang lebih pasti – seperti, sebagai contoh, reaksi antara amonia dan gas hidrogen klorida?</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/nh3hclg2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/nh3hclg2.gif" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pastinya adalah penerimaan pasangan elektron mandiri pada nitrogen. Buku teks sering kali menuliskan hal ini seperti jika amonia mendonasikan pasangan elektron mandiri yang dimilikinya pada ion hidrogen – proton sederhana dengan tidak adanya elektron disekelilingnya.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ini adalah sesuatu hal yang menyesatkan! anda tidak selalu memperoleh ion hidrogen yang bebas pada sistem kimia. Ion hidogen sangat reaktif dan selalu tertarik pada yang lain. Tidak terdapat ion hidrogen yang tidak bergabung dalam HCl.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tidak terdapat orbital kosong pada HCl yang dapat menerima pasangan elektron. Mengapa, kemudian, HCl adalah suatu asam Lewis?</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Klor lebih elektronegatif dibandingkan dengan hidrogen, dan hal ini berarti bahwa hidrogen klorida akan menjadi molekul polar. Elektron pada ikatan hidrogen-klor akan tertarik ke sisi klor, menghasilkan hidrogen yang bersifat sedikit positif dan klor sedikit negatif.</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/hclpolar.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/hclpolar.gif" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pasangan elektron mandiri pada nitrogen yang terdapat pada molekul amonia tertarik ke arah atom hidrogen yang sedikit positif pada HCl. Setelah pasangan elektron mandiri milik nitrogen mendekat pada atom hidrogen, elektron pada ikatan hidrogen-klor tetap akan menolak ke arah klor.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Akhirnya, ikatan koordinasi terbentuk antara nitrogen dan hidrogen, dan klor terputus keluar sebagai ion klorida.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hal ini sangat baik ditunjukkan dengan notasi "panah melengkung" seperti yang sering digunakan dalam mekanisme reaksi organik.</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/nh3hclmech.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="78" src="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/kfisika/nh3hclmech.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div></div><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></span></div>Purba, Michael. 2006. <i>Kimia untuk SMA Kelas XI Semester 1</i>. Jakarta: Erlangga<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 28.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.35pt;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Harnanto, Ari dan Ruminten. 2009. <i><span style="color: #231f20;">Kimia 2Untuk SMA/MA Kelas XI. </span></i><span style="color: #231f20;">Jakarta: </span>Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;">http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia_fisika1/kesetimbangan_asam_basa/teori_asam_dan_basa/</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span></div><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>hanni and chemistryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08552182804364962772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5755418336812889882.post-90515520359493300282011-05-31T00:51:00.003-07:002011-06-01T10:45:11.377-07:00MACROMEDIA FLASH ASAM DAN BASA<span style="font-size: large;">UNTUK MELIHAT MACROMEDIA FLASH TENTANG LARUTAN ASAM DAN BASA, SILAKAN KLIK</span> "<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://sainschemistry.blogspot.com/2011/05/asam-dan-basa.html"><b><span style="color: blue;">READ MORE</span></b></a></span>"</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Macromedia flash ini berisi SK, KD, Tujuan pembelajaran, Materi, dan Evaluasi</span><br />
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<div style="height: 575px; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center; width: 575px;"><object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8,0,0,0" height="100%" width="100%"> <param name="movie" value="http://virtuallabphysics1.orgfree.com/asam%20basa.swf"><param name="quality" value="high"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><embed src="http://virtuallabphysics1.orgfree.com/asam%20basa.swf"
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> Berkaitan dengan sifat asam dan basa, larutan dapat dibedakan ke dalam tiga golongan, yaitu bersifat asam, bersifat basa, atau bersifat netral (tidak asam dan tidak basa).Lalu bagaimanakah cara menentukan suatu larutan atau bahan yang bersifat asam, basa, atau netral tersebut ? Apakah kita harus mencicipinya ? Sangatlah tidak bijaksana jika kita menentukan asam, basa, atau netral dengan cara mencicipi. Karena banyak terdapat zat-zat kimia yang sifatnya berbahaya jika termakan atau terkena langsung pada kulit. Oleh karena itu, kita butuh suatu indikator asam basa untuk menentukannya. Di bawah ini terdapat beberapa contoh bahan yang bersifat asam basa yang ada di sekitar kita.</span></b></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoKohThNqWGE1FJWtx5h8Ri6tAHh-qXjdQjF_tZpc4kKzUyxcTikTeHZxuf0JpMfv6ez4mNxM2SW0ZPfho6Wl9dDkDnmS1qKwp_NKHU0QiAbNTyBiI5xeWtyPtNs8VJH9Vq_WvR04H6rv6/s1600/lemon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoKohThNqWGE1FJWtx5h8Ri6tAHh-qXjdQjF_tZpc4kKzUyxcTikTeHZxuf0JpMfv6ez4mNxM2SW0ZPfho6Wl9dDkDnmS1qKwp_NKHU0QiAbNTyBiI5xeWtyPtNs8VJH9Vq_WvR04H6rv6/s320/lemon.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> Sifat larutan tersebut dapat ditunjukkan dengan menggunakan indikator asam-basa, yaitu zat-zat warna yang akan menghasilkan warna berbeda dalam larutan asam dan basa. Misalnya, lakmus merah dan lakmus biru. </span></b></span><br />
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</span></b></div><div style="color: blue; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">IDENTIFIKASI LARUTAN ASAM DAN BASA</span></b></div><br />
Banyak sekali larutan di sekitar kita, baik yang bersifat asam, basa, maupun netral. Tahukah kamu bagaimana cara menentukan sifat asam dan basa larutan secara tepat? <br />
Untuk menentukan suatu larutan bersifat asam atau basa dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan indikator. Indikator yang dapat digunakan adalah indikator asam basa. Indikator adalah zat-zat yang menunjukkan indikasi berbeda dalam larutan asam, basa, dan netral. Cara menentukan senyawa bersifat asam, basa, atau netral dapat menggunakan kertas lakmus dan larutan indikator atau indikator alami. Berikut adalah beberapa cara menguji sifat larutan:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7HdB5Zy32Kw140ZmxWyDwXvv9hbXXEDt3osD1-pMPjfWfcfdL1OdssgS4gQdDVrXuUKqDraBttSf6o3hhuGZkTkB4qEHCu-UWUFqBAj5xKH3AVQ9IvMfJNpVI1e2HaWUiJO4aaOVqAd1Z/s320/gabung.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7HdB5Zy32Kw140ZmxWyDwXvv9hbXXEDt3osD1-pMPjfWfcfdL1OdssgS4gQdDVrXuUKqDraBttSf6o3hhuGZkTkB4qEHCu-UWUFqBAj5xKH3AVQ9IvMfJNpVI1e2HaWUiJO4aaOVqAd1Z/s320/gabung.gif" /></a></div><b>1. Identifikasi dengan Kertas Lakmus (Indikator Warna)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Yang pertama menggunakan indikator warna, yang akan menunjukkan sifat suatu larutan dengan perubahan warna yang terjadi.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Warna kertas lakmus dalam larutan asam, larutan basa dan larutan bersifat netral berbeda-beda. Ada dua macam kertas lakmus,yaitu lakmus merah dan lakmus biru. Sifat dari masing-masing kertas lakmus tersebut adalah sebagai berikut. a. Lakmus merah<br />
<div><dd>Lakmus merah dalam larutan asam berwarna merah dan dalam larutan </dd> <dd>basa berwarna biru.</dd> <div> b. Lakmus biru</div><dd>Lakmus biru dalam larutan asam berwarna merah dan dalam larutan</dd> <dd>basa berwarna biru.</dd> <div> c. Lakmus merah maupun biru dalam larutan netral tidak berubah warna. </div><div> </div><div><b>2. Identifikasi Larutan Asam, Basa, dan Netral Menggunakan Indikator Alami</b><br />
</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq3ntU_GOY6Pv_VbY_8Terddt40Qz3PSWhoLPhBVOA66PEcBwsBZzqE65v6qmHlqEAQvvN2CrwVmZBdr7k2arXJP5z4vHHTdaXQQzPufdSLC-6LEeGARuWiGk8nFO-pA-jzIeFy1eNJXQb/s320/indikator+alami.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq3ntU_GOY6Pv_VbY_8Terddt40Qz3PSWhoLPhBVOA66PEcBwsBZzqE65v6qmHlqEAQvvN2CrwVmZBdr7k2arXJP5z4vHHTdaXQQzPufdSLC-6LEeGARuWiGk8nFO-pA-jzIeFy1eNJXQb/s320/indikator+alami.jpg" /></a></div>Percobaan yang dapat kamu lakukan adalah mengidentifikasi suatu larutan bersifat asam, basa atau netral dengan menggunakan kertas lakmus. Adakah cara lain untuk mengidentifikasi suatu larutan? Ada beberapa cara yang dapat kamu lakukan sendiri di rumah, yaitu dengan menggunakan indikator alami. Berbagai bunga yang berwarna atau tumbuhan, seperti daun, mahkota bunga, kunyit, kulit manggis, dan kubis ungu dapat digunakan sebagai indikator asam basa. Ekstrak atau sari dari bahan-bahan ini dapat menunjukkan warna yang berbeda dalam larutan asam basa.<br />
Sebagai contoh, ambillah kulit manggis, tumbuklah sampai halus dan campur dengan sedikit air. Warna kulit manggis adalah ungu (dalam keadaan netral). Jika ekstrak kulit manggis dibagi dua dan masing-masing diteteskan larutan asam dan basa, maka dalam larutan asam terjadi perubahan warna dari ungu menjadi cokelat kemerahan. Larutan basa yang diteteskan akan mengubah warna dari ungu menjadi biru kehitaman.<br />
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<strong>Menentukan pH Suatu Larutan </strong> <br />
pH merupakan suatu parameter yang digunakan untuk menyatakan tingkat keasaman larutan. Larutan asam memiliki pH kurang dari 7, larutan basa memiliki pH lebih dari 7, sedangkan larutan netral memiliki pH=7. pH <br />
Derajat keasaman (pH) suatu larutan dapat ditentukan menggunakan indikator universal, indikator stick, larutan indikator, dan pH meter.<br />
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<b>a) Indikator Universal</b><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: magenta; font-family: arial; font-size: 100%;">Indikat</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 100%;"><span style="background-color: magenta;">or universal</span> merupakan campuran dari bermacam-macam indikator yang dapat menunjukkan pH suatu larutan dari perubahan warnanya. Indikator universal ada dua macam yaitu indikator yang berupa kertas dan larutan. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://jenggaluchemistry.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/indikator-universal3.jpg?w=106&h=97" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://jenggaluchemistry.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/indikator-universal3.jpg?w=106&h=97" /></a></div><br />
<b>b. Indikator Kertas (Indikator Stick)</b><br />
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<b> </b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNfdguk7EFQdoxLFdpK768X09LcXplVIs_dYgxoDkTsssc0OVgelSHCFcitrV_gAdfnohiWuHe_HwpBb3BAH1jOFyvSIynpVzYsdPgKN3B2FeKg_9uIuGZCZuTuq9dZofcTfyuz_wCX37j/s1600/indi+universal.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNfdguk7EFQdoxLFdpK768X09LcXplVIs_dYgxoDkTsssc0OVgelSHCFcitrV_gAdfnohiWuHe_HwpBb3BAH1jOFyvSIynpVzYsdPgKN3B2FeKg_9uIuGZCZuTuq9dZofcTfyuz_wCX37j/s1600/indi+universal.jpg" /></a><br />
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Indikator kertas berupa kertas serap dan tiap kotak kemasan indikator jenis ini dilengkapi dengan peta warna. Penggunaannya sangat sederhana, sehelai indikator dicelupkan ke dalam larutan yang akan diukur pH-nya. Kemudian dibandingkan dengan peta warna yang tersedia.<br />
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<b>c. Larutan Indikator</b><br />
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Salah satu contoh indikator universal jenis larutan adalah larutan metil jingga (Metil Orange = MO). Pada pH kurang dari 6 larutan ini berwarna jingga, sedangkan pada pH lebih dari 7 warnanya menjadi kuning. Contoh indikator cair lainnya adalah indikator fenolftalin (Phenolphtalein = pp). pH di bawah 8, fenolftalin tidak berwarna, dan akan berwarna merah anggur apabila pH larutan di atas 10.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://jenggaluchemistry.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/metil.jpg?w=156&h=300" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://jenggaluchemistry.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/metil.jpg?w=156&h=300" /></a></div><em>Warna Indikator Metil Jingga dlm Larutan dngn pH 2, 7, dan 11</em><br />
<div style="color: red;"><em>Sumber Gambar: Suroso AY, Anna P, Kordiyawarman Ensiklopedia Sains dan Kehidupan (2003)</em></div><div style="color: red;"><br />
</div>d. pH Meter<br />
Pengujian sifat larutan asam basa dapat juga menggunakan pH meter. Penggunaan alat ini dengan cara dicelupkan pada larutan yang akan diuji, pada pH meter akan muncul angka skala yang menunjukkan pH larutan.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZSF5h4rM0o2Lk5cqNeco0Vyrbl04U6R0nst1jlJ_x9tA8PF7KACTzERDAh7NXaZPrd7M5OYa-RpKUNRGm43dqW86T9dVIZn0TnGOPuFVZjL21s-A6qbEmcfNlbvtApp-jKjr_c1SpxwVE/s1600/ph-meter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZSF5h4rM0o2Lk5cqNeco0Vyrbl04U6R0nst1jlJ_x9tA8PF7KACTzERDAh7NXaZPrd7M5OYa-RpKUNRGm43dqW86T9dVIZn0TnGOPuFVZjL21s-A6qbEmcfNlbvtApp-jKjr_c1SpxwVE/s320/ph-meter.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <span style="color: magenta;">Gambar 2. pH-meter</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;">Pengujian sifat larutan asam basa dapat juga menggunakan <span style="background-color: magenta;">pH meter</span>. Penggunaan alat ini dengan cara dicelupkan pada larutan yang akan diuji, pada pH meter akan muncul angka skala yang menunjukkan pH larutan.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;">VIDEO DAN ANIMASI </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Untuk mengetahui suatu larutan bersifat asam atau basa dilakukan identifikasi asam basa, salah satu caranya adalah menggunakan kertas lakmus. Kertas lakmus terdiri dari 2 warna, yaitu lakmus merah dan biru. Untuk melihat simulasi identifikasi asam basa, silakan klik link di bawah ini :</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://petonx-animation.com/wp-content/flash/Kimia_AsamBasa_Finish.swf" target="_blank" title="identifikasi asam basa menggunakan kertas lakmus">“identifikasi asam basa menggunakan kertas lakmus”</a> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span></span><span style="color: magenta;"> </span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">TUGAS DISKUSI : </span></b></span></div>1. Apa yang kalian ketahui tentang asam dan basa?<br />
2. Apa saja contoh asam dan basa yang ada di sekitar kita dan bagaimana cara kalian<br />
mengidentifikasi bahwa tergolong asam atau basa?<br />
3. Jelaskan pengertian asam dan basa menurut Arrhenius, Bronsted LOwry, dan Lewis! <br />
<span style="font-size: 100%; line-height: 150%;"></span></div></div></div>hanni and chemistryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08552182804364962772noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5755418336812889882.post-16418551623388566892011-04-20T23:45:00.000-07:002011-06-12T18:57:01.373-07:00ANIMASI DAN VIDEO ASAM BASASpace ini berisi tentang animasi dan video tentang larutan asam basa. Selamat bergabung di Sains Chemistry with Hanni Susanty.<br />
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1. Untuk mengetahui suatu larutan bersifat asam atau basa dilakukan identifikasi asam basa, salah satu caranya adalah menggunakan kertas lakmu. kertas lakmus terdiri dari 2 warna yaitu lakmus merah dan biru. untuk melihat simulasi identifikasi asam basa silhkan klik link dibawah ini :<br />
<a href="http://petonx-animation.com/wp-content/flash/Kimia_AsamBasa_Finish.swf">“identifikasi asam basa menggunakan kertas lakmus”</a><br />
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2. Untuk mencoba pengukuran pH menggunakan pH Meter,,,,silahkan dicoba,,, <br />
<a href="http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/acidbasepH/ph_meter.swf" target="_blank" title="pH meter">pH meter untuk mengukur pH larutan</a><br />
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3. dan untuk menguji asam basa suatu larutan digunakan beberapa indikator, pengujian dengan bebrapa jenis indikator dapat kalia lihat di bawah ini :<br />
” Indikator asam basa”<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Y4Y-__ME60">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Y4Y-__ME60</a>hanni and chemistryhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08552182804364962772noreply@blogger.com0